Criminological Monitoring of Criminality in Belarus: Empirical Study of Genesis and Determination

and the persons who committed crimes; drug and on juvenile delinquency and convictions; traffic are by of crimes, gender, age and social groups of persons, in as a whole, as well as by regions and the abstract) quantitative information about the nature of the determinative relationships of criminality. This technique allows you to identify the most significant determinants affecting criminality; the percentage probability of a change in criminality indicators when the values of the determinants change and specific numerical values of the expected changes. At the same time, the synthesis of the obtained quantitative data through the prism of such sociological methods as polls and questionnaires, along with the use of progressive knowledge of legal science, allows us to enrich science and practice with qualitatively new significant criminological information. Criminological monitoring methods for quantitative studying the deterministic complex of criminality and the revealing of its impact are correlation and regression analyses. These tools of mathematical statistics allow you to quantify the connection force between criminality and its determinants in the form of correlation coefficients (r) and the regression equation. The correlation coefficient illustrates the links of two phenomena. When there is a positive connection between them, i.e. r > 0, the dependence is directly proportional. The determination coefficient (d) is also calculated, which is equal to the correlation coefficient squared. Transferring the determination coefficient to percentage, we will be able to see what the percentage probability of changes in one value when the other changes.


Introduction
Criminality is a negative phenomenon that has existed for a historically long time and continues to be a serious social problem, since it causes material, physical and moral harm to individuals, society and the state, and hinders their sustainable advancement. As noted at the 13th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (2015), which is held every 5 years (the 14th largest crime prevention forum in the world has been postponed to 2021 due to the pandemic), for the period 2003-2015 years in the world, with some differences between states of different levels of economic advancement, a certain stabilization or a slight decrease in crime was observed. This mainly concerned forms of criminality associated with the use of violence (premeditated murder, robbery and rape), property crimes, as well as crimes related to drug possession. Regional trends in the evolution of crime, in general, correspond to the world standards (The United Nations 2015).
According to the data of criminal statistics, there has been a decreasing trend in the crime rate in Belarus in the last fifteen years. At the same time, the state of the modern criminal situation and the criminogenic context, the emergence of new threats to public and state security necessitate further improvement of activities to prevent and combat criminality and other antisocial phenomena interconnected with it.
Homicide statistics are the most accurate and comparable across different states.
According to this indicator of criminal statistics, one can get an idea of the state of law and order in the country at the world level. By the way, not all scientists are of this CrimRxiv Criminological Monitoring of Criminality in Belarus: Empirical Study of Genesis and Determination 3 opinion. Criminologist A. Lysova in her article by the European Journal of Criminology criticized the official statistics of murders in Russia, pointing out that it is a political instrument and it is distorted (in comparison with the data presented to the UN by Russia in 2013, the number of murders, according to A. Lysova, exceeds the declared level by 1,6 times) (Lysova 2020: 399-419). Despite some differences in approaches to the legal qualification of criminal acts, it should be noted that the criminal statistics of the Republic of Belarus are reliable, as well as the data submitted to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. According to the latest available UN data for 2018, the homicide rate (excluding attempts) per 100 thousand of the population, for example, in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland was in 2017 -1,2 (2018 -1,2), in Poland -0,8 (2018 -0,7), Germany -1 (2018 -0,9), France -1,3 (2018 -1,2), Austria -0,8 (2018 -1), Finland -1,3 (2018 -1,6), while in Belarus, it is several times higher than these indicators of developed European countries and it amounts to 2,5, in 2018 -2,4, in 2019 -2,3) (The United Nations 2020).
In the modern world the systematic collection of information for the purpose of scientific analysis and prognosis of the phenomena and processes under study is the basis of effective state and other social management. The foundation of the information framework for the functioning of criminal justice in post-Soviet states is the system of state statistical registration of crimes, which predominantly records quantitative indicators of the state, structure and dynamics of crime, the personality of criminals and victims. The use of the system of statistical accounting and episodic criminological studies, public opinion polls cannot fully meet the needs of law enforcement and other state bodies for comprehensive, scientifically grounded and reliable information on the state, dynamics and causal complex of criminality, as well as on measures to prevent it. With this approach, the level and structure of latent crime, real criminalization and victimization of the population remains outside the systemic study, the reasons, conditions and factors that determine the commission of crimes are not fully identified, the degree of their deterministic influence on crime is not assessed. At present, a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators (criteria) of the effectiveness of the activities of law enforcement agencies in crime prevention has not been developed, and scientifically grounded prognosis of criminality is not carried out on an ongoing basis. In the absence of this criminological information, it is not possible to plan and carry out work on preventing and combating criminality effectively.
This predetermines the need to intensify efforts to provide information support to prevent and combat criminality in order to reduce its level, change the structure CrimRxiv Criminological Monitoring of Criminality in Belarus: Empirical Study of Genesis and Determination 4 positively and minimize socially dangerous consequences. Obtaining comprehensive, substantiated and reliable information about the state and dynamics of criminality and other misdemeanor requires the elaboration of a scientifically based methodology, methods and tools for monitoring criminological research of criminality, based on the integration of knowledge accumulated both in legal and sociological, sociopsychological and other socio-humanitarian sciences.
Despite the considerable interest of scientists and practitioners to the prevention and counteraction of criminality, the scientific development of theoretical and methodical problems of identifying the real state of criminality and its determinants, increase the effectiveness of preventive activities, is insufficient in the existing literature.
Criminology of Belarus, as well as the successor of the Soviet Union -Russia, is experiencing a difficult stage of development, marked by economic and external institutional pressures . Most of criminological studies are concentrated on the characterization of certain types of crime, while, as a rule, the issues of methodology and research methods are not considered.
Modern criminology faces important tasks related to the need to find adequate answers to the growing criminal threats, which qualitatively change the traditional theoretical and conceptual approaches and research methods. It is timely and important to diversify the concepts and methods of studying criminality, to understand the patterns of its origin and evolution trends, first, taking into account the measurement and assessment of the entire multi-level and multicomponent determination complex.

Subject
To solve these tasks, in the system of measures aimed at preventing and combating criminality, it is important to organize and conduct criminological monitoring of criminality -a socio-legal technology (methodology and method), which is a normatively regulated and organized on an ongoing basis system of criminological measurements, analysis, assessments and prognosis of the criminal situation, the criminogenic context and the effectiveness of crime prevention in order to develop and implement scientific and practical measures to improve crime prevention, public safety and law enforcement (Bulygin 2016: 39-43).
A serious argument in the matter of further study of the agenda of criminological monitoring of criminality is the need to create the scientific and methodical framework CrimRxiv Criminological Monitoring of Criminality in Belarus: Empirical Study of Genesis and Determination 5 of its organization and conduct, in view of the fact that today in criminology there are a number of unresolved tasks, scientific discussions that relate to the conceptual apparatus of criminological monitoring of criminality, its relationship with the system of statistical accounting of offenses. The solution of this scientific problem and the distinctive contribution to criminological knowledge as a whole will secure the development of the concept of criminological monitoring of criminality.
To understand the essence of criminological monitoring of criminality, a clear line should be drawn between this innovative criminological institution and the current system of criminal statistics. Criminological monitoring of criminality is qualitatively different from the criminal statistics conducted by law enforcement agencies, also from specific criminological scientific research of criminality.
It is known that in order to understand any phenomena, including criminality, it is necessary first to find out their quality and quantity, which are, as it were, two sides of the same phenomenon, inextricably linked with each other. Quality is understood as the essence of things (or the inner determination of phenomena), thanks to which they differ from each other, and which makes them what they are. Without clarifying the quality of objects, it is impossible to establish the pattern of their evolution. Moreover, this is the most important task of any science. However, the quality of any object does not exist without its quantity, which characterizes the phenomena in terms of their size, weight, level, pace, etc. Without the quantitative aspect of criminality, it is impossible to have an idea of criminality as a social and legal phenomenon and patterns of evolution.
The quantitative side of phenomena is studied by statistics, the subject of which is concretized in relation to its individual branches (economic, demographic, medical, etc.). One of the many branches of statistics is criminal, which mainly quantitatively investigates the most diverse aspects of criminality and measures to combat it.
Modern criminal statistics records officially registered indicators of criminality for a certain period of time. For example, the compendium "Offenses" published annually by the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus contains information in dynamics: about the number of registered crimes and the persons who committed crimes; drug and alcohol-related crimes; economic crimes; information on juvenile delinquency and convictions; the number of convicts, their composition and penalties; the number of victims of crimes; the number of administrative offenses, road traffic accidents and victims. Statistical data are presented by types of crimes, gender, age and social groups of persons, in the country as a whole, as well as by regions and the CrimRxiv Criminological Monitoring of Criminality in Belarus: Empirical Study of Genesis and Determination 6 city of Minsk, some indicators -by districts and individual cities. The collection of such data on the state of criminality is its quantitative and some qualitative characteristics (state, dynamics, level, structure, etc.). There are also statistics on the conduct of inspections and preliminary investigation of criminal cases, criminal proceedings and the execution of sentences.
However, as Russian criminologist S. Ostroumov correctly notes, "there can be no question of a quantitative statistical study of any phenomena without knowledge of the essence, quality, laws of evolution of the processes themselves. And this can be done only on the basis of the theoretical provisions of specific sciences ... Before doing statistics, you need a so-called qualitative analysis, you need to study the inner content of the studied population, for example, crime ... Therefore, statistics can be called a quantitative study of social phenomena in order to reveal their qualitative originality" (Ostroumov 1975: 11-16).
The task of disclosing the so-called quantitative and qualitative originality of the phenomenon of criminality is intended to be solved by criminological monitoring of criminality. For monitoring studies of criminality, factual data are needed not only from criminal statistics, but also from many other branches of statistics -demographic, economic, medical and others, which Russian criminologist V.Luneev called criminological statistics. Statistical accounting, in his opinion, on the one hand, serves as a factual basis, and on the other, one of the main methods of social and legal knowledge. "Criminal and criminological statistics should play the role of the factual basis of the scientific organization of the fight against criminality" (Luneev 2013: 70, 76).
Analytical studies of criminality in post-soviet countries (scientific research, analytical reports, notes and certificates of law enforcement agencies), currently being conducted, are narrowly specialized or specific temporal in nature, limited in accordance with the goals and objectives of a particular study by the framework of the period under study, the range of analysed crimes. In addition, the analytical information of law enforcement agencies is naturally focused on the analysis of their own activities, which cannot give a holistic idea of the comprehensive measures taken, the implementation of criminal policy in general.
Meanwhile, effective social control of criminality presupposes not only the reaction of law enforcement agencies to events that have already taken place, but to a greater extent includes their anticipation and prevention through the implementation of preventive actions of a complex socio-legal nature. Monitoring analysis of criminality is and institutions, therefore interdisciplinary approaches are of particular relevance (Sparks 2020: 471-494).
Comparative analysis of criminological theories shows that it is important to define the theoretical paradigm of criminological research of the genesis of criminality, namely, what should underlie the criminological study of the origin of crime and highlight main structural elements that are primary sources of the determination process.
As a theoretical and methodological basis for criminological monitoring research of criminality, in my opinion, it is advisable to use a systematic approach, implemented in the context of considering criminology as an interdisciplinary social and legal science of criminality and measures to prevent it, as well as the study of criminality as a complex antisocial, criminal-illegal phenomenon and the criminological theory of destructive personal-social-natural determination, which explains the laws of the genesis and determination of criminality (Bulygin 2016: 39-43).
The theory of destructive personal-social-natural determination, which is the basis for the author's criminological monitoring research of criminality, integrates the basic principles of the theory of destructive personal-social interaction of the Belarusian criminologist N. Baranovsky (Baranovsky 2011) and the Chicago School of Environmental criminology (Andresen 2014).
The process of destructive personal-social-natural interactions that determine criminality is considered in the framework of the interaction of the following components: -the natural environment (the geographical location of the region, the density and migration of the population, the climate, the conditions of the place of residence, work and recreation, etc. determines the physical and spiritual well-being of a person, as well as his emotions: aggression, phobias, self-interest, lust that they experience, for example, in crowded public transport, in the street at night, at a jewelry exhibition or in a night club. It also determines what opportunities exist for committing a crime); -society (social institutions and public relations in the field of economy, culture, management, ecology, health protection, etc.) predetermines the characteristics of age, racial, gender, ethnic, religious, national, professional and other social groups; -personality (a set of social status, sociocultural, psychological and physical properties and qualities which are inherent in individuals). The social process of interactions of this three components in its negative manifestations reveals the genesis (origin and evolution) of criminality.
In all areas of modern knowledge, there is a need to analyse complex objects, certain systems. The system is understood as a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity. The use of a systems approach in sciences contributes to an adequate formulation of problems and helps to develop an effective strategy for their study.
In my opinion, the most acceptable is the position of Russian criminologist L.
Kondratyuk, who believes that the following system of interrelated and interdependent elements should be used to define the "criminality": 1) acts of criminal behaviour; 2) the persons who committed a crime; 3) victims of a crime; 4) the amount of harm caused by crime (Kondratyuk 1978: 5-10).
The concept of criminality is central to criminology. The value of criminological research of criminality is determined by the fact that, having revealed the essence and characteristics of criminality as a social and legal phenomenon, we can, on a scientific basis, develop and implement effective measures to prevent and counteract it.
At present, there is considerable disagreement in criminological science regarding the origin of criminality. Some criminologists are of the opinion that in the entire lexicon of legal and criminological terminology there is no equally abstract concept as criminality. The history of criminological thought shows that scientists were in constant search of an answer to the question about the definition of criminality, sometimes giving narrowly specialized (focused on sociology, criminal law, psychology, etc.) definitions. Despite all the diversity, the well-established traditional approaches cannot fully explain the depth of origin and evolution trends of such a complex and constantly evolving phenomenon as criminality. Modern criminology needs to diversify the methods of studying criminality, understanding its origin, taking into account the measurement and evaluation of its entire multi-level and multi-vector determination complex.
In the context of modern criminology, criminality is a massive, stable in time and social space, determined by the individual, society, the natural environment and destructive personal-social-natural interactions, an antisocial criminal-illegal phenomenon, which, as a socio-legal system, includes committed crimes, criminals, victims and other socially dangerous consequences of criminal acts (Bulygin 2016: 39-43 The origin and evolution of criminality is closely interconnected not only with socioeconomic (unemployment, inflation, wages, etc.), demographic (mortality, fertility, population density, etc.) and other determinants, but also with other offenses.
Therefore the problem of criminality should be considered from a "sociodeviantological" position, that is, in close connection with prostitution, drug addiction and substance abuse, vagrancy, drunkenness and alcoholism, other addictions, including such new concepts in criminology as gambling (game dependence), stocking (prosecution based on personal hostility, revenge), etc. These circumstances make it necessary to solve the problem of criminality in a broader context (Gilinsky 2012: 5-14).
The study of the essence of the criminality origin is one of the most difficult, scientifically and practically urgent problems of criminological science. Despite all the diversity, the well-established traditional approaches cannot fully explain the depths of origin and evolution trends of such a complex and constantly evolving phenomenon as criminality. Modern criminology needs to diversify the methods of studying criminality, understanding its origin, taking into account the assessment of its entire multi-level and multi-vector determination complex. The approach proposed by the author to the study of the laws of the genesis of criminality as a result of destructive interactions between the individual, society and the natural environment, implemented in the context of understanding criminology as an interdisciplinary social and legal science, supplements criminology with new knowledge and can serve as a theoretical and methodological basis for further criminological research.

Method
Theoretical, methodological and regulatory frameworks for organizing and conducting criminological monitoring of criminality as an innovative technology for its scientific and applied study, information support and measures for general prevention of offenses, qualitatively enrich criminological science with new knowledge and have great practical significance for increasing the effectiveness of criminological and, in general, criminal policy.
The following structural components are the subject of criminological criminality monitoring: 1. Criminal situation -indicators of the volume, level, dynamics, structure, nature, geography and ecology of criminality in general and the most socially dangerous and CrimRxiv Criminological Monitoring of Criminality in Belarus: Empirical Study of Genesis and Determination 12 widespread certain types of crime, which include the characteristics of: crimes; persons who have committed crimes; victims and harm caused by crimes.

Criminogenic context -indicators of the social, personal and natural
determination complex of criminality, manifested in the geographic, demographic, socio-economic, social, socio-cultural, legal and moral-psychological clusters. In the course of criminological monitoring of criminality, the following quantitative and qualitative indicators are subject to analysis, assessment and prognosis:

1) Criminal situation:
the volume, level, dynamics, structure, as well as the peculiarities of the territorial, socio-demographic and socio-status distribution of all crimes committed (registered and latent); the nature of criminality, determined by the volume, level, dynamics, structure, as well as the peculiarities of the territorial, socio-demographic and socio-status distribution of the committed grave and particularly grave crimes ("nucleus of criminality"); the volume, level, dynamics, structure, as well as the peculiarities of territorial, sociodemographic and socio-status distribution of persons who have committed crimes; the volume, level, dynamics, structure, as well as the peculiarities of territorial, sociodemographic and socio-status distribution of victims of crimes; the volume, structure and dynamics of physical, material and other harm caused by crimes.

2) Criminogenic context:
Geographic cluster:  Correlation and regression analyses are important methods of studying the deterministic complex of criminality and establishing its quantitative impact. These tools of mathematical statistics allow us to quantify the strength of the relationship between criminality and its determinants in the form of correlation coefficients (r) and a regression equation. When studying the determining complex of criminality, criminologists use the concept of elasticity coefficient (e). Elasticity shows the percentage change in the controlled variable (criminality) with a one-percent change in the control variable (determinant) (Ryabtsev and Vedyakhin 2000: 49-54).
It should be noted that in the mathematical analysis of such a complex socio-legal phenomenon as criminality, the connection between it and its determinants is -social relevance and implementation of its results into practice (each subject of preventing and combating crime is interested in increasing the effectiveness of criminal policy and reducing costs for it, in connection with which, not only the scientific, but also the practical nature of criminological monitoring studies is an essential condition for their holding. These studies should solve the tasks assigned to them at the lowest cost and study not only criminality in general, but also its individual types, depending on the emerging social tension in a particular field of activity).

Quantitative and qualitative empirical study
As the famous Belarusian legal expert V. Khomich rightly noted, today it is extremely important for criminology to provide an inversion approach from the practice of conducting random episodic, discrete studies of criminality to the systemic study of this asocial phenomenon, the entire set of its connections and interdependences and factors of determination (Khomich and Asanova 2008: 30). Criminological monitoring methods for quantitative studying the deterministic complex of criminality and the revealing of its impact are correlation and regression analyses.
These tools of mathematical statistics allow you to quantify the connection force between criminality and its determinants in the form of correlation coefficients (r) and the regression equation. The correlation coefficient illustrates the links of two phenomena. When there is a positive connection between them, i.e. r > 0, the dependence is directly proportional. The determination coefficient (d) is also calculated, which is equal to the correlation coefficient squared. Transferring the determination coefficient to percentage, we will be able to see what the percentage probability of changes in one value when the other changes.
The result of the correlation and regression research is the regression equation: where the variable y is the level of criminality, variable x -determinants of criminality, The coefficients a and b are calculated by the mathematical program.
In a correlation analysis of causal criminality links with its determinants, the author accepted that to show dependency a value of the correlation coefficient should be more than 0,6 for direct and less than -0,6 for reverse dependence.
Thus, having statistical data on criminality and its determinants for certain period of time, it is possible to reveal a connection between the signs and the degree of its closeness, to identify the dominant determinants, as well as to provide the criminality forecast.
In recent years, the method of calculating elasticity is becoming increasingly important for studying the determinant of criminality and modelling. In modern economic science, elasticity serves as an effective tool for explaining and predicting various economic phenomena. Elasticity allows us to find out the degree of reaction of the analysed value to the change in various factors, identify the most significant factors on the effects. It shows how much percent will change the value when the other value is changed by one percent. Elasticity does not have a dimension and is a coefficient that allows a comparative analysis of functions (Lapushinskaya and Bazhenova 2003: 9-16).
The study of the criminality elasticity on various deterministic factors is carried out by criminologists that are conversant in advanced statistical analysis. American researchers Edward L. Glaeser and B. Sacerdote found that the elasticity of criminality in the size of the city is 0,15, i.e. 10% population growth increases the criminality rate by 1,5%, and C. Levitt reavealed that the elasticity of criminality in the United States depending on the coefficients of arrests is approximately 0,3 in relation to theft, i.e. The Russian researcher S. Olkov was studied the relationship between certain types of crimes (premeditated murders, robbery, intentional infliction of serious bodily harm, suicides) and the Gini coefficient, which is used to characterize the degree of uneven distribution of the population in terms of income. As a result, a very close connection was established (close to functional) between the dynamics of the Gini coefficient (independent variable) and the dynamics of premeditated murders in the Russian Federation in the 90s of the twentieth century. So, when changing the Gini coefficient by 1%, the level of premeditated murders changes by 1,19%. With the Gini coefficient equal to 0,3, elasticity is 1,27. With the Gini coefficient equal to 0,2 elasticity is 1,48.
The probability of error on the regression coefficient is zero. The rounded correlation coefficient is 98% (Olkov 2004: 236-244).
The elasticity coefficient allows to reveal the weight of a particular determinant in the onset of the relevant consequence in the present and the past, as well as make a forecast for the future. For example, it is possible to calculate the elasticity of criminality using the dynamics of population, terms of unemployment, inflation level, income of the population, terms of alcohol and drugs consumption (Luneev 2004: 6).
The use of a method for calculating elasticity will allow to obtain probabilistic assessments of the effect of demographic, economic and other determinants on criminality.
Monitoring study of the criminogenic context (demographic, economic, socio-cultural indicators) in the Republic of Belarus in 2000-2019, conducted by the author using mathematical methods (correlation and regression analyses), showed that the following determinants have the greatest impact on the criminality rate: -the proportion of the population in working age (the tone of connection (r) of the criminality level with this determinant is high, direct and equal to 0,84. The probability of changes in one value with another (d) -71%, with a single-percent change in the control variable (determinant) criminality will change by 8,2% (e). The prognosis of criminality (variable y) can be made using the regression equation: y = 18,558x-979,94; -GDP increase (e = 5,4%; d = 64%; r = 0,8; y = 7,046x-601,05; -number of persons with alcoholism diagnoses for the first time per 100 000 inhabitants (e = 1,1%; d = 80%; r = 0,89; y = 0,5695x-11,774).
Criminological monitoring research of the criminal situation (volume, level, dynamics, structure, nature, geography and ecology of criminality in general and the most socially dangerous and widespread certain types of crimes, which includes the study of crimes committed, persons who have committed crimes, victims and harm, caused by crimes) allows you to get an idea of the current features of the state and dynamics of criminality. It provides a statistical basis for the subsequent measurement of quantitative and qualitative relationships with the determinants of criminality, the formation of predictive scenarios for the evolution of criminality and the development of proposals for improving activities to prevent it.
The complex of the main factors, causes and conditions that determine criminality is determined as the criminogenic context. Measuring, analysing, assessing and determining crime-determining processes, as well as predicting their possible evolution, is (along with research and forecasting of a criminal situation) the basis for the formation and practical implementation of a system of actions to prevent criminality, as well as determining the degree of effectiveness of activity in this area.
Organization of criminological monitoring of criminality at the regional level is -the growing threat of an increase in cyber-crime, as well as a high proportion of registered crimes related to illegal drug trafficking.
-high homicide rate in international comparison.
Experimental testing of the scientific and applied model of criminological monitoring of criminality in Belarus made it possible to obtain new empirical data that qualitatively complement the available statistical information on the state, structure, dynamics and genesis of criminality. This made it possible to identify urgent demanded social and practical problems, as well as to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of activities to prevent crime and other antisocial phenomena interconnected with it.
The use of criminological monitoring of criminality in science and practice allows solving the long-overdue problem of creating a single structured system of quantitative and qualitative indicators that provide objective criminological information about the state of criminality, its determinants and the effectiveness of preventive activities.
Scientists and practitioners recognized the proposed concept of criminological monitoring of criminality in the Republic of Belarus, and the obtained empirical conclusions were introduced into the activities of prevention subjects, and were used in research activities and the educational process. This gives grounds to believe that CrimRxiv Criminological Monitoring of Criminality in Belarus: Empirical Study of Genesis and Determination 28 the developed theory of knowledge of criminality may be of interest to the scientific and practical community of Europe.

Conclusion
The development of new theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of criminality, approaches to its social control has historically been the priority of research of the entire international criminological community. In the modern era of globalization criminologists play an important role in reminding domestic and international organizations that criminality is also an international political problem (Blaustein et al. 2018).
The most effective in modern society is the state policy in the field of preventing and combating criminality, which is based on the strategy of systemic social, criminological, victimological, legal and social rehabilitation prevention and counteraction to criminality and misdemeanor.
The developed original theoretical and applied approach and methods for criminological monitoring of criminality, based on interdisciplinary socio-legal methodology and the use of the latest computer information methods of analysis, are aimed at meeting the scientific and practical needs of systematizing criminological indicators that simulate the state of criminality and its determinants. This approach advances theory of contemporary understanding of criminality genesis and practice of its prevention.
The author's concept of criminological monitoring has a scientific structure and includes a criminological study of criminality, victims, criminals, harm caused by criminality, determinants of criminality, crime prevention activities, as well as the subsequent development of management decisions to improve the effectiveness of this activity on the basis of relevant criteria.
Currently, there is no criminological theory in science, which would systematically united this criminological terms in a single concept therefore study results make important contribution to general criminological theories.
The implementation into social practice of the institution of criminological monitoring of criminality makes it possible to obtain the necessary and reliable criminological empirical data about the state and dynamics of criminality, the peculiarities of its structure and nature, as well as to predict criminality and assess the social efficiency The proposed scientific and practical concept of criminological monitoring of criminality is the basis for going beyond the purely preventive and criminal-legal aspects of crime problems, for the adoption of integrated and comprehensive countermeasures against it. In today's changing world, crime prevention and the criminal justice system are central to the rule of law, and such policy decisions will have a positive impact on the long-term sustainable economic and social advancement of states.